![]() Ī free rider may enjoy a non-excludable and non-rivalrous good such as a government-provided road system without contributing to paying for it. These characteristics of a public good result in there being little incentive for consumers to contribute to a collective resource as they enjoy its benefits. Non-rival consumption stipulates that the use of a good or service by one consumer does not reduce its availability for another consumer. ![]() Non-excludable means that non-payers cannot be stopped from getting use of or benefits from the good. The free-rider problem is common with public goods which are non-excludable and non-rivalrous. Such an example is the free-rider problem of when property rights are not clearly defined and imposed. The free-rider problem in social science is the question of how to limit free riding and its negative effects in these situations. Additionally, it has been shown that despite evidence that people tend to be cooperative by nature (a prosocial behaviour), the presence of free-riders causes cooperation to deteriorate, perpetuating the free-rider problem. Consequently, the common pool resource may be under-produced, overused, or degraded. Free riders are a problem for common pool resources because they may overuse it by not paying for the good (either directly through fees or tolls or indirectly through taxes). Examples of such goods are public roads or public libraries or services or other goods of a communal nature. In the social sciences, the free-rider problem is a type of market failure that occurs when those who benefit from resources, public goods and common pool resources do not pay for them or under-pay. ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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